![]() ![]() ![]() Iran agreed not to produce either the highly enriched uranium or the plutonium that could be used in a nuclear weapon. Some of the deal’s opponents faulted these so-called sunset provisions, saying they would only delay Iran building a bomb while sanctions relief would allow it to underwrite terrorism in the region. For example, after ten years (from January 2016), centrifuge restrictions will be lifted, and after fifteen years, so too will limits on the amount of low-enriched uranium Iran can possess. Many of the JCPOA’s restrictions on Iran’s nuclear program have expiration dates. Many experts say that if all parties adhered to their pledges, the deal almost certainly could have achieved that goal for longer than a decade. Does it prevent Iran from getting nuclear weapons? After the 2013 election of President Hassan Rouhani, who was viewed as a reformer, the parties came to a preliminary agreement to guide negotiations for a comprehensive deal.įor its part, Iran sought the JCPOA for relief from international sanctions, which starved its economy of more than $100 billion in revenues in 2012–2014 alone. Prior to the JCPOA, the P5+1 had been negotiating with Iran for years, offering its government various incentives to halt uranium enrichment. intelligence analysts concluded that Iran halted its work on nuclear weapons in 2003 but continued to acquire nuclear technology and expertise.) However, after the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979, Iranian leaders secretly pursued this technology. Iran had previously agreed to forgo the development of nuclear weapons as a signatory to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, which has been in force since 1970. Additionally, Saudi Arabia has since signaled a willingness to obtain a nuclear weapon if Iran successfully detonates one. ![]() Israel had taken preemptive military action against suspected nuclear facilities in Iraq and Syria and could do the same against Iran, perhaps triggering reprisals by Lebanon-based Hezbollah or disruptions to the transport of oil in the Persian Gulf. Negotiating nations feared that Iran’s moves to become a nuclear weapons state risked thrusting the region into a new crisis. intelligence officials estimated that, in the absence of an agreement, Iran could produce enough nuclear material for a weapon in a few months. Heading into the JCPOA negotiations, U.S. ![]() The P5+1 wanted to unwind Iran’s nuclear program to the point that if Tehran decided to pursue a nuclear weapon, it would take at least one year, giving world powers time to respond. Israel explicitly opposed the agreement, calling it too lenient. Some Middle Eastern powers, such as Saudi Arabia, said they should have been consulted or included in the talks because they would be most affected by a nuclear-armed Iran. At the heart of negotiations with Iran were the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and Germany-collectively known as the P5+1. The JCPOA, which went into effect in January 2016, imposes restrictions on Iran’s civilian nuclear enrichment program. Renewed diplomacy initially seemed promising, but after stop-and-go talks, it remains unclear if the parties can come to an agreement. In 2021, President Joe Biden said the United States would return to the deal if Iran came back into compliance. Nonproliferation, Arms Control, and Disarmament departure and for deadly attacks on prominent Iranians in 2020, including one by the United States, Iran has resumed some of its nuclear activities. However, the deal has been in jeopardy since President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from it in 2018. Proponents of the deal said that it would help prevent a revival of Iran’s nuclear weapons program and thereby reduce the prospects for conflict between Iran and its regional rivals, including Israel and Saudi Arabia. SAVE Supporting Document: Becoming a Former ![]()
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